1 10 5 https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/18935/archive/files/9f7b407d08b9111a984545046a5db977.jpg?Expires=1779321600&Signature=cf7bvkEgezribXy66TebKrG-nEBrv33JmTvU7Oxr868Rl4AnNYzP20o%7EyOGzc%7EqeQeEE6UCfhAjZOuu9izSvfPo9R7c65ZF9a7FYlW7MMsBxafVEP4UQxDeRSnhpJ-z3IXuPsWx94x5d0Qipva-MnB%7EMCXkjqCxlOt90Qv%7E2wUYE4bm1Af6HqZqXGMyV0xoeOEQ0b7ICuQr%7EN4WJHGaqXGZFiYeS%7EGg8J4bBf5XvCVm2A4yf79r0CBnCcWHrmCPkulz3iOUn9vYTVi4EABBO5b70qanyuCYHxvX9nhSZDYczEBYX0bGyQyMR8R2-IHuEec2sVgl-xgsPTRyLCcQJyA__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 3707e3797a6c0d14b7d9b026096966da Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource SOUTHERN REGIONAL COUNCIL 63 Auburn Avenue, N.E. Atlanta, Georgia February 13, 1957 BACKGROUND SUMMARY OF VIOLENCE AT KOINONIA FARM, SUMTER COUNTY, GEORGIA Koinonia (Greek for “a community”) was founded in 1942 by a group of Southerners. Located on State Highway 49 in Sumter County near Americus, Georgia, the farm is an interracial religious cooperative with everyone sharing in the proceeds of the farm according to needs. Koinonia, which was started on 440 acres of land, now comprises 1,100. In 1955, Koinonia held its first interracial summer camp for children. The camp was approved by the American Camping Association. The Reverend Clarence Jordan, a Baptist minister, was co-founder of Koinonia and has remained as one of its leaders. April, 1956--Rev. Clarence Jordan announced that he was willing to sign entrance to Georgia State College of Business Administration (white) for two Negro applicants. Fact was headlined in Americus and other Georgia papers. Rev. Jordan did not actually sign application since he was ruled ineligible to do so by the executive secretary of the Board of Regents of the University System of Georgia. The Koinonia newsletter charged that before Rev. Jordan got home from Atlanta, Governor Griffin had called the Sheriff of Sumter County, asking “who Jordan was" and what he was up to. Shortly following press accounts of Rev. Jordan’s Atlanta experience, the farm began to receive anonymous telephone calls. Within a matter of a few days, the first of the farm’s insurance policies were cancelled, retail merchants began to stop handling Koinonia eggs, and roadside signs were torn down. Pistol shots were fired at the roadside stand. June 9, 1956 - A temporary injunction restraining Koinonia from operating its children’s camp was handed down on charges brought by the Sumter County Health Department. The department asked that the farm be restrained from operating the camp on “health and sanitation ground.” July, 1956 - A Sumter County health engineer made an inspection of camp and farm and made minor recommendations, which, according to farm officials, "were carried out.” July 2, 1956 - At the hearing on the injunction, the county attorney asked that it be postponed to July 19 because he had not had time to prepare his case. July, 1956 - Wilson Finch, W. A. Helms, Sherrard Horne, and A. H. Jennings, four Sumter County farmers, sought to associate with the county in the injunction claiming that the sponsors of the camp had no license and would operate the camp “in a manner detrimental to morals.” Meanwhile, the camp was opened at a site outside Georgia. July 19, 1956 - At the hearing, Superior Court Judge Cleveland Rees looked at the crowded courtroom and decided that it would be a "wrangle between the gospel and law,” and so ordered another postponement with the cases to be presented by brief and affidavit. Material was to be presented to him by September 20, 1956. July 23. 1956- The roadside market at Koinonia was dynamited. The blast occurred shortly after 10 p.m. Damage was estimated at $3,000. https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/18935/archive/files/596b3eb8c945d04432cc89597df7d46e.jpg?Expires=1779321600&Signature=AuibDPmVkfrXe-Il%7E5D8vY8zYxhMwyc90YpXsIPvcf-hyFXjAO-if7fd3WJl-ovrHgv-uA4puzNeXgzhjw13lVaCxCLAMWTjVvfprVxhXp5sPDFD3UYIxQOq33BkaDQr%7EKBtZVYyzeRkEQ0qqR1M0uyAq9FWdtpSxxv8MN2EXlr7IwnwANP0jrXwfXS2XH9L94tj13G5A8mrtdDek6Hu3TZtB%7ESEYzqlJZEYFk%7Ep5EN9rPaBgAGvYbEfS-63katHJDxHjatqBXjJEux3XqrfPx-OGyiPGPjuh0x8Ws%7EegjiZhYMyPW3LD4skqmZYWlwnpwi2j1%7EdFTmbLSvplb42gA__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 0af415b4e9c178677bfed948d6221641 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource September 24, 1956 - Judge Rees signed an order dissolving the injunction, since in effect attorneys for both sides had agreed that the question had become moot. Tom Marshall and Tom Clark of the law firm of Dykes, Dykes, and Marshall represented the four Sumter County farmers. Sumter County commissioners were represented by Hollis Forte. Osgood Williams of Atlanta represented Koinonia. September 24, 1956 - The Koinonia newsletter declared that an “economic blockade is virtually complete....The gas and oil situation remains critical. No distributor in Americus or Sumter County will supply us ...Yesterday, another feed dealer, after supplying us for awhile, cut us off.” Koinonia officials said they took the one child attending a local high school out of the school and sent him out of the state. This was done, they said, because "on the bus and between classes the older boys beat him and harassed him in countless ways.” Farm officials reported that State Farm Mutual Insurance Company had cancelled insurance policies on six of their trucks and automobiles. Earlier, officials said that an airplane company had refused to dust their cotton for weevils and that a local fertilizer company refused to sell to them. “The auto dealer, with whom we’ve done business over the years and who did practically all our repair work, said he wanted our business no longer," farm officials said. November 27, 1956 - Several rounds of buckshot were fired into the roadside market. Shots ruined a refrigerated meat case valued at $300. January 14, 1957 - A dynamite charge exploded inside the roadside market. Damage estimated from $5,000 to $7,000. Pieces of market blown 240 feet. Building was 20 by 30 feet. (Also during this period, four shots were fired from a slow-moving car into a gasoline pump. The four shots all landed within an area six inches in diameter.) January 16, 1257 - A resolution was unanimously passed by the Americus and Sumter County Ministerial Association, condemning violence against Koinonia. The resolution adopted read: "We deplore and condemn the use of violence in any form against property and/or persons because of their personal beliefs which do not endanger the rights of others. As Christians and citizens we hold the right to disagree with others concerning their beliefs without forcing their agreement or yielding ours. "We further condemn lawlessness in any form and call upon every citizen and call upon every citizen and the forces of law to do all things necessary to protect the rights, properties, and lives of others in our community, state, and nation. "In these difficult days in which many nations and people look to these United States for moral as well as political leadership, it behooves each citizen - and especially each Christian - to assert positive efforts to strengthen the cause of civic righteousness.” The Ministerial Association also sent a letter to Governor Marvin Griffin. January 18, 1957 - The Koinonia newsletter stated: “A short while ago we were notified by Mr. Willis Shiver, head of the Shiver Lumber Company, that no more building materials would be sold to us. Mr. Shiver is a steward in the First Methodist Church. Fourteen of our buildings have been erected wholly or partially with materials obtained from him. He said that the reason he cut us off was “pressure from level-headed business men and that his own feelings made him receptive to the pressure.” January 18, 1957 - A house on the Koinonia Farm was burned. https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/18935/archive/files/af4aecd83619f2825c2ca1ec177e08dc.jpg?Expires=1779321600&Signature=BjJUZYCl9LXakdZ8qKwSkpSW2EWxs5llHA%7EkJa0neGk1h-mCp3Ig0BIB466icqbh8yuVH5SQznyCigz%7EnFC28pRnO%7EFj3GRniHHjWOiOLViQ73jwKnkgNHaf9G30din0E%7EkMi4rM4Q0etTIMpn3kTa6T0CRs4Nl%7EZmSGnJgSLTWJcFFTA9mBakT1yBZTCvTQQXGmhG1hmocRaP3lw5%7EcO8KgkTKoOSYb1VzzUwZUnXS3z10ysravtXamWv4R%7E3geROjLeCqN7trHF5yvF3z5u2RWA5ZlRMHSLGIq--Lev5p2cDEZ6sy3TWwsoAPI%7EyQA6KmLGI9x0VrEnUrtrHbKmA__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 8bffc86bd30d0b0dd79e0df30fb3b53a Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource January 28, 1957 - At least eight shots from a series hit a house on Koinonia Farm. The Sumter County sheriff said the shots were .45 caliber. Persons on the farm say they believe the shots were from a sub-machine gun. February 1, 1957 - Ten or eleven shots were fired at a house on Koinonia Farm. Some of the shots went through a window of the house nearly hitting an 11-year-old-girl. February 1, 1957 - The Georgia Council of Churches Executive Board and the Executive Committee of the United Church Women of Georgia passed a joint resolution condemning violence against Koinonia Farm. Copies of the resolution were sent to Governor Griffin, Sheriff Fred Chappell of Sumter County, The Editor of the Americus Times, and to Rev. Edward Carruth, President of the Americus and Sumter County Ministerial Association. February 9, 1957 - Koinonia Farm officials report that on three different occasions persons who had visited the farm were stopped by state law enforcement officers and quizzed as to why they were visiting the farm and asked to show identification papers. They also report that a man lost his Job with the South Georgia Trade and Vocational School after he had indicated in a Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Historical Manuscripts Description An account of the resource These are resources that reside in the Historical Manuscripts Collection in Special Collections at the University of Southern Mississippi. Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Original Format The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Paper Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Background Summary of Violence at Koinonia Farm, Sumter County, Georgia Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Southern Regional Council Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Will D. Campbell Papers, Historical Manuscripts, Special Collections, The University of Southern Mississippi Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Southern Regional Council Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1957-02-13 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Copyright not evaluated. Language A language of the resource En Type The nature or genre of the resource Text civil rights Georgia Koinonia Violence https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/18935/archive/files/146885d820f05ff9c43f5fab2bf6af33.jpg?Expires=1779321600&Signature=JP6--Ehajl3V3YbGLcciEIHqp1ThqyBluQO0ofrtIqwyAk3FgOTVyFLhSV7o8GmXktOiaXFjKiyjQ3-5pVb-wT-wp-EOMzSZcrvQokZo5aHUvKrwO9fTiCZTfModVIPrLXKKMj9PDfZoaPKjHaMHm%7EOv7hRc9gw2mGalabu9YiBoRPZveAfOoKc0cLSuygS2cHODXOmQZjxjDjilwNyMaMW1jM%7EWsrCu5rqzvCT%7ENVOZth%7Er%7E8cLQ1w0BTyy1BQd4WDbeWJyGGn4ApAbcAXFNix-SOnoYK-7x%7EXTCcPK7AtT4gLNrXAJGTIhyrvtNYpufhRX97dWdGH301kD%7ExwqQA__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 003f0a553fab21bb53cc8e961e987236 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource AN OPEN LETTER TO CHRISTIAN MINISTERS IN GEORGIA Macon, Georgia April 7, 1957 "In regard to recent publicity concerning Koinonia Farm Inc. near Americus, Georgia, we, the undersigned, in light of our present understanding express our belief that: 1. Koinonia Farm is a Christian community. 2. Acts of violence have come from persons outside the Koinonia group. 3. No connection exists between Koinonia Farm and the Communist Party. We pray that God 's truth and Christ’s redeeming love may be revealed in this present crisis in Sumter County.” The Reverend Ray Brewster Macon The Reverend Colin Campbell Columbus The Reverend Glen Dorris Gainesville The Reverend Peter W. Flemming Jesup The Reverend Truett Gannon Eatonton The Reverend Earl Gilbreath Athens The Reverend Paul Hanna Athens Dr. W.J. Hinson Macon The Reverend Richard Hollinger Columbus The Reverend J.W. Howard Macon The Reverend Charles Jackson Columbus The Reverend Emmett S. Johnson Macon Dr. Edwin D. Johnston Macon Dr. T. Stewart Matthews Macon Dr. Harold McManus Macon The Reverend Robert B. McNeill Columbus The Reverend B. G. Munro Athens Dr D. B. Nicholson Athens The Reverend F. R. Otto Macon The Reverend Nathaniel Parker Athens The Reverend William W. Rogers Athens The Reverend Francis Stewart, Monticello The Reverend E. L. Waters Macon Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Historical Manuscripts Description An account of the resource These are resources that reside in the Historical Manuscripts Collection in Special Collections at the University of Southern Mississippi. Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Original Format The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Paper Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource An Open Letter to Christian Minsters in Georgia Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Unknown Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Will D. Campbell Papers, Historical Manuscripts, Special Collections, The University of Southern Mississippi Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1957-04-07 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Copyright not evaluated. Language A language of the resource En Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Christian civil rights Georgia Koinonia https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/18935/archive/files/d16ec9ea2efab4adc6c3e139e4b62dde.jpeg?Expires=1779321600&Signature=Z4zOd3BgyiMGtUdNMOnC7UOfne7YGZSycHURBXJ3aQfCIgkXzH1lDqy5IoyfSH4GXrdsPTbwQktB9CeeZM1ZVjgp%7El49XdyaBMuL%7EIIP-ZLRMi7%7EL1-0sHCmATDnviBP7SQdw-nu5eARwzG08%7ECtR5ci4S4qK9O7HN8YA5c74BVpnDr6B7CYU92PwiY5GTJGqODwksfAcufLprvizVC4XlmmW1tgnO71%7EWixklhZEuNxDx5jM35ojExLkxJrD54MIylSaBGOhdQAGJboPkWTVi40v500B%7Eo7twgwFbwkrD9UjE79YqujvThElBEJn0N43FAiAbaJ6pGRlubuOFWDnA__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 6af650316dc0baf7f57869d1f446492f Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Religious Newsweekly Editor NANCY LAWRENCE 9RNW2/25/57 TUESDAY February 26 Appeal for Aid to Interracial Community Heard by 1500 An appeal for new members to join a Christian interracial community in the Deep South was made by the Rev. C Conrad Browne before a throng of 1500 people who jammed a Brotherhood Week meeting in South Bend, Ind., last week. But he warned them that it wouldn't be easy. Twelve rounds of rifle fire have been pumped into his house, he said, narrowly missing his daughter, and bombing and burnings continue to plague Koinonia, the interracial community farm which he directs in Americus, Ga. The Brotherhood Convocation, sponsored by the St. Joseph County Council of Churches, heard Rosa Page Welch, noted singer, and also witnessed a production of Thornton Wilder’s drama, "The Unerring Instinct.” Mr. Browne reported on the wave of violence directed against the sixty-odd families living on the farm. On the advice of community project leaders, about one-third of the families have since moved away, he said. Coupled with the violence came an economic boycott, said Mr. Browne. "No local market will buy our produce, feed salesmen will not sell to the farms, fuel dealers have discontinued deliveries, no one will process our cotton and insurance has become unavailable.” Although he did not appeal for funds personally, several ministerial associations, local and state church councils are sponsoring projects to aid the community. Mr. Browne told his audience: “When our fuel was cut off, we got our own gas pumps but they became targets for shotgun blasts and we lost our supply of butane gas and building materials in fires. The problem of insurance is still not solved,” he said, adding, “one company after another has dropped our policies, including a New Zealand firm.” Those remaining at Koinonia are determined to carry on, declared Mr. Browne, who also thanked local and state church councils for their sympathy and support. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Historical Manuscripts Description An account of the resource These are resources that reside in the Historical Manuscripts Collection in Special Collections at the University of Southern Mississippi. Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Original Format The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Paper Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Appeal for Aid to Interracial Community Heard by 1500 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource <em>The Religious Newsweekly</em> Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Will D. Campbell Papers, Historical Manuscripts, Special Collections, The University of Southern Mississippi Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available <em>The Religious Newsweekly</em> Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1957 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Copyright not evaluated. Language A language of the resource En Type The nature or genre of the resource Text civil rights Georgia Koinonia The Religious Newsletter https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/18935/archive/files/7eb3ae17d9bdcd357364afb06579243c.jpg?Expires=1779321600&Signature=iogF0TVISmaF9NE-OSTd2Fqbko%7EV6lLICcYtpq1pyjBDBB1uOEw%7EgMeNEI7LgEzcOsGh2sQNUe6P2CdjCfnV3gdn0VXfCKoG%7EVkdVNaBta4qGdm0LCseshUVFw8ItzttFnrrcCqlW8U%7ECFyMA%7E5XK3q4NIBQgGxVC6xabcwTi5v8LaJfign17NOElUyYNrhsm9h3365b14VLSEujR3dZ91l-S90BjcD5Iu8wNU3fKirbJJMm3r4rL9NlFxN6q9T--2KDO1JIxz7CP7pl4B9evu7req9wO7OwB3MFg5Gz0Kqn7WLOgLt3Gc%7Ev8bNJr0prgdtscPggICs-L0tafABeuQ__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM ceb53cdfea320a728acea01e7051f5eb Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 1963 portrait of Civil Rights Activist John Lewis wearing a dark suit, white shirt, and striped tie. He looks candidly toward the camera with his head tilted and his lips parted. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Historical Manuscripts Description An account of the resource These are resources that reside in the Historical Manuscripts Collection in Special Collections at the University of Southern Mississippi. Still image Two-dimensional visual representation in photographic or digital image form. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource John Lewis Portrait Subject The topic of the resource Lewis, John, 1940-2020, Civil Rights Activists Description An account of the resource Headshot of John Lewis in Atlanta, GA 1963 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Sheila Michaels Collection, M373, Historical Manuscripts, Special Collections, The University of Southern Mississippi Libraries Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource Circa 1963 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Copyright not evaluated Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource .jpg Type The nature or genre of the resource Still image Language A language of the resource EN 1963 Atlanta Civil Rights Activists Georgia John Lewis Portrait https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/18935/archive/files/552363b9ff052195ed57219e6819f845.jpeg?Expires=1779321600&Signature=txCGugbqOFR43SuIqfVmDSQWPadLdCsVilb4%7E7e4sbGBQnJ1nkbrXAXO9cVZhz%7E3fPT3ZqL4XPymkhYKMsWaeURsC9bR-5Xhhw1-VU-Qu-by7d7KvKkcgnnBy2w6kobe85tsBLl-zm5-8HZKO4pUdl06w1tRYHkayWxMtT5MiAodjW3cekJzW4lmjgWgHsYqisVhUQehD3VfVV0uW6wjFssBzdg7RGlk1PcCI7CbACtAQhhsFUw0AQwNBSnwpiNTD3bu%7E%7EYTj88UU3-uLYeJVGesPRND6WJce7llTK9gS6ccVxSG9zaRnFBe6F-YSRN8S2Ei4-mwZdIdOXBiYN%7EwFQ__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM f9f9ad2de8192d974cca2b82601fbc3d Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Still life of a football helmet, football, yellow flower, and red flag. Text reads Southern Georgia Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Mississippiana Description An account of the resource These are resources that reside in the Mississippiana Collection in Special Collections at the University of Southern Mississippi. Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Football program cover for the Mississippi Southern College and University of Georgia game, November 21, 1953. Subject The topic of the resource University of Southern Mississippi - History University of Southern Mississippi – Football Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Mississippi Southern College Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Mississippi Southern College Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1953-11-21 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Copyright not evaluated. Language A language of the resource En Type The nature or genre of the resource Text football Georgia Mississippi Southern College